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Login to unlockChapter 13: IO System
Created: 2025-12-16
Updated: 2025-12-16
I/O Hardware
- port: connection point between I/O device and the host (e.g. USB, Thunderbolt)
- bus: set of wires and a protocol for messages (e.g. PCI, SCSI, SATA)
- controller: electronics that operate a port, bus, and device (e.g. SCSI controller)
- controller can has its own processor and memory
- PC Bus Structure
- Northbridge (Memory Controller Hub): Connects high-speed devices
- CPU, RAM, Graphics Card (AGP/PCIe)
- Southbridge (I/O Controller Hub): Connects low-speed devices
- PCI, SATA, USB, Audio, Network...
- Northbridge (Memory Controller Hub): Connects high-speed devices
I/O Methods
Addressing (how to find the device)
- Port-Mapped I/O (isolated I/O)
- separate address space for I/O devices
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